My Highly Sophisticated Post-It Note Diversity Check

My Highly Sophisticated Post-It Note Diversity Check Here on Book Riot we talk a lot about diversity and inclusivity in books. As a reader I feel that it is my duty to ensure that my reading is diverse across many categories, both in terms of the authors and of the characters represented. I think that it is crucial that I actively seek out, buy, read, recommend, and discuss these books. I want to make a clear point to publishers, bookstores, and my local library that diverse books are in demand. I want my reading habits to demand diversity. So, if this is important to you as well, how do you incorporate diversity into your reading in a way that is simple, quick, and effective? You use my highly sophisticated, completely optimized, state-of-the-art Post-It note diversity check. Here is how you use this technique: Get a Post-It note. Yes, theoretically any piece of paper could work. But this is not called the “Boring Old Piece of Paper” diversity check. So get a Post-It note. Preferably a fun, brightly colored one. Divide your Post-It note into four quadrants. Label it with your pro-diversity categories of choice. I chose to examine my reading based on whether the author was male or female and whether the author was white or a POC. Note that you do NOT have to use the same categories that I do. You may choose whether or not books represent LGBTQ characters, whether you are reading diverse fiction versus nonfiction, etc, and you can use any combination of factors that interest you. Now that your Post-It note is set up, go through your reading history (for the year, for the month, whatever time frame you choose) and start to put tallies in the appropriate boxes. Examine your quadrants and address the discrepancies.  As of a few months ago, here is what my Post-It looked like: It was immediately, glaringly obvious where my weak spot was: my lower left quadrant, books by non-white men. Once I knew where my reading history lacked diversity, I made a point of seeking out books to fill that hole. Here are some of the amazing books that I have since read in order to start to fill in my weak quadrant: The Fishermen by Chigozie Obioma.  This debut novel is the story of four brothers in a small Nigerian town. After their father leaves in search of better job prospects, the brothers are left to their own devices and are drawn to the forbidden local river where they develop a passion for fishing. One day they encounter a madman who passes down a prophecy that changes the course of their lives and their relationship as brothers. This book is a masterpiece that touches upon issues of family, destiny, class, and religion, I cannot say enough good things about it. The Sellout by Paul Beatty.  This satirical novel is the wittiest, sharpest, most terrifying thing I have read in a long time. The story follows a young black man who is defending himself in the Supreme Court against charges of reinstating slavery in his run-down California town, segregating schools, and even holding a slave. Told through flashbacks, this is an insanely smart book that takes on race, slavery, police brutality, you name it in a way that somehow manages to be laugh-out-loud funny and deeply enlightening. Paul Beatty is a genius. Delicious Foods by James Hannaham.  Hannaham tells a dark, empathetic story of drug addiction. After her husbands death, Darlene sinks into drug addiction and prostitution. Desperate, she is easily lured by the promise of a good job and boards a bus to a farm called Delicious Foods. It becomes immediately apparent that something is very wrong. Meanwhile, Darlenes eleven-year-old son Eddie is left alone and confused and sets out to find his mother. The real kicker is that part of the book is narrated by the voice of crack cocaine itself. It is completely original and deeply unsettling. How to be Drawn by Terrance Hayes.  This is a wonderful new collection by a brilliant poet who teaches at my alma mater. The poems explore the experience of art and music and are playful and intelligent. I loved these poems, particularly “What It Look Like” and “How to be Drawn to Trouble.” Discontent and its Civilizations: Dispatches from Lahore, New York, and London by Mohsin Hamid.  Hamid is the author of The Reluctant Fundamentalist, a 2007 novel that I absolutely loved and screamed from the proverbial rooftops at the time. This is a book of essays that reflect Hamid’s experiences living in Pakistan, the United States, and Britain. All the essays are drawn from articles he wrote for various publications over the past 15 years and they are a blend of personal and political. The essays are divided into three sections Life, Art, and Politics and they are each extremely insightful and illuminating. The Buried Giant by Kazuo Ishiguro.  This is Ishiguros first novel in a decade. On the surface it is a fantasy story an elderly couple in search of their lost son cross dangerous plains as Britons and Saxons war around them, an eerie mist causes people to forget, knights seek to kill dragons, and mysterious boatmen ferry people to mystical islands, never to return. Beneath the surface it is a profound meditation on collective amnesia, war, and violence. Ishiguro is masterfully subversive, blending fantasy with harsh reality. Voila now my reading history better passes the Post-It note diversity check! I understand, of course, that although this method is quick and easy it lacks depth. There are many different lenses through which to view diversity in books and the Post-It note check cannot hold up to this nuance. Also, clearly you can use this method to look at only two factors at once. However, it is a clear and important step in the right direction. And remember, Post-It notes come by the hundreds so the possibilities are endless! ____________________ Follow us on Twitter for more bookish goodness!

Book Report History of the World in 6 Glasses Essay

AP World History A History Of The World In 6 Glasses 1. The consequences of agricultural revolution was a turning point. Civilizations began focusing on making surpluses rather than producing new food and crafts. They became more modern. (pg.20) 2. The archaeological evidence that supports the cultivation, harvesting, storage and processing of cereal grains is since there werent any other foodstuff to makes soup they were able to make a thick porridge or a thin broth or gruel. This discovery led to the creation of tools and techniques to collect, process, and store grain. (pg.11-12) 3.†¦show more content†¦The service depended on your social class, you drank your own wine however way you liked it. In a Greek symposion everyone was equal, you drank sine from a shared krater.You could sit anywhere and it didnt matter if you were poor or rich.(pg.77-78) 4. In christianity wine was a miracle. Wine drinking in christianity was a form of sacred communion. In Islam alcohol was an abomination divided by satan. It is a distraction from daily prayers to god. It leads to other sinful doings like gambling prohibition of alcohol in Islam.(pg.87) 5. Wine drinking predominates in the South of Europe. In the north of Europe beyond the reach of roman rule. Today, the worlds leading producers of wine are France, Italy, and Spain. Beer is drank in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Britain, and Ireland.(pg.89) 6. Greek and Roman cultures had an impact on modern day american and European culture. They passed on architecture and literature. They also passed down law and christianity. Chapter 5 1. One of the many acheivments of the arabs was a technique that gave rise to a new range in drinks(distillation). It involved vaporizing and then re-condensing a liquid in order to separate and purify its constituent parts. The Greeks became familiar with this technique, it became dominant. European explorers established colonies and then empires around the world. 2. Prince Henry becoming theShow MoreRelated Anthropology and Social Work Essay2685 Words   |  11 Pagesthat we are wearing Kants irremovable glasses when it comes to viewing other culturesSHY;our own personal biases and beliefs are fully intact. This ethnocentric viewpoint (defined by John Bodley as the tendency to evaluate other cultures in reference to ones own presumably superior culture2) is the biggest stumbling block to understanding other cultures and recognizing their own inherent value. The aim of the good ethnographer is to take off the glasses of ethnocentrism as often as possibleRead MoreNew York City : A New Place For Couples1596 Words   |  7 Pagesyou have unlimited on and off privileges so that you can tour sights of your choosing in more detail and at your leisure. The tour also covers both the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, allowing you to catch the ferries to both for a visit and history lesson. With two days of touring and picture taking, you ll come ho me with memories that will last a lifetime. New York City Broadway Vacation Package There is nothing like seeing a Broadway play on Broadway. This package gives you the chance toRead MoreUfo(Unidentified Flying Object)2562 Words   |  11 PagesThe Oxford English Dictionary defines a UFO as An unidentified flying object; a ‘flying saucer’. The word was first used in print by Donald Keyhoe in 1953.[1] The acronym UFO was coined by Capt. Edward J. Ruppelt, who headed Project Blue Book, then the USAFs official investigation of UFOs. He wrote, Obviously the term flying saucer is misleading when applied to objects of every conceivable shape and performance. For this reason the military prefers the more general, if less colorful, name:Read MoreCase Study : Barbara 2489 Words   |  10 Pagesagain Barbara had her mother drive her because she was scared of having another one. Barbara’s mother felt this was just from stress and told her to have a few glasses of wine to relax her. The glass of wine seemed to help. Barbara however over the next six weeks stared consuming more and more glasses of wine. She would drink up to 6 to 8 classes every evening and would end up on a couple occasions not going to work because she felt shaky the next morning. Barbara decided that having a MimosaRead MoreMcdonalds Strategic Analysis12693 Words   |  51 PagesCOMPANY INTRODUCTION 4 3 FAST FOOD INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 5 3.1 Franchising Industry Analysis 6 3.2 The Industry Future Perspective 7 3.3 Industry PESTEL Framework Analysis 9 3.3.1 Political Aspects 9 3.3.2 Economic Aspects 9 3.3.3 Social Aspects 9 3.3.4 Technological Aspects 10 3.3.5 Environmental Aspects 11 3.3.6 Legal Aspects 11 4 Mcdonald’s Company Overview 11 4.1 Company History 12 4.2 Company Vision Statement 13 4.3 Company Mission Statement 13 4.4 ProductsRead More Analysis of Virtual Reality Essay4226 Words   |  17 Pagesstretch the term to include conventional books, movies or pure fantasy and imagination. However, for purposes of this research, we restrict VR to computer mediated systems. We would define Virtual Reality as a way for humans to visualize, manipulate and interact with computers and extremely complex data. The visualization part refers to the computer generating visual, auditory or other sensual outputs to the user of a world within the computer. This world may be a CAD model, a scientific simulationRead More20health Benefits of Drinking Wine6132 Words   |  25 PagesMealtime Wine Consumption. 2. Women Wine Drinkers Have Fewer Kidney Stones. 3. Moderate wine consumption cuts stroke risk. 4. Regular, Moderate Alcohol Consumption Protects Against Atherosclerosis. 5. Wine-Established Cardiovascular Benefits of Moderation. 6. Wine Phenolics and Disease Prevention. 7. Drinking Wine May Lower Risk for Upper Digestive Tract Cancer. 8. New Research Developments of the Antioxidant Front. 9. Moderate Wine Drinkers Benefits Begin in Early Adulthood. 10. Wine linked with lowerRead MoreVideo Games Are The Most Common Form Of Entertainment1813 Words   |  8 Pagesare represented by bits or pixels. There are video games for almost every platform ever made. In the past, video games were a thing that only lucky, rich people had. Now they are something almost everyone has. You can find video games in stores, book shops, garage sales, and many other places. They are the most common form of entertainment. Making a video game is much harder than playing it. Making one requires patience, skill, and wisdom. It is like a fragile vase: one bad line of codeRead MoreUnknown5251 Words   |  22 Pageslonger because it relies on bone ingrowth. HA relies on the strength of the cement to keep the implant in place. If an implant manufacturer opts for a titanium-based coating, it can choose between one that is pure titanium and an alloy that contains 6 percent aluminum and 4 percent vanadium, called Ti-6AI-4V, McCracken said. Both are engineered to spur bone ingrowth, he said. The Ti-6AI-4V has higher strength than pure titanium but does cost more. The market is about 50-50. Both go back a longRead MoreRhetoric Of A World War II Essay2316 Words   |  10 PagesNatalie Martinez English 10-35 September 26, 2016 Rhetoric of a World War II Political Cartoon You’ll encounter ads everywhere you go, on television, social media, billboards, newspapers, movies, posters all with a common goal such as to manipulate and change the public’s point of view. Most of us pay little attention to advertisements believing they have little to no effect on how we think or how we make our decisions. However, they do affect us, good or bad. Just like the cartoon drawing â€Å"Waiting

The Chronicles of History Research Questions Samples Extended Essay

The Chronicles of History Research Questions Samples Extended Essay Here's What I Know About History Research Questions Samples Extended Essay Unfortunately, too many businesses don't take the steps required to make sure their virtual teams are successful. Badly scripted interview questions can't only nullify the advantages of user research, but in addition lead product development down the incorrect path. Even more bad research is made especially to give support for a current solution. Gossip, Lies and History Research Questions Samples Extended Essay Besides them, you'll find numerous essay topic generators that could give you interesting ideas. You might believe that it is only the cover of your essay, but it's an important component, and you ought to treat it correctly. A protracted essay is a sort of academic writing assignment, which success is dependent upon the structure. You will construct your whole extended essay around it. Whether there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it might be too narrow. The main issue is all about creating a different page along with all the sources of quotes utilized in your extended essay. The ordering procedure to acquire your captivating and unique world history essay topics is quite straightforward. The next point to discuss is an elongated essay format. You have to come up with your question depending on your subject and the chief theme. The topic has to be related to your subject in the school. Below, you may also locate a list of interesting history topic suggestions that you might utilize. You should already have a complete collection of questions you want to ask your respondents, and the very last thing you'll need to do now is to order them. Therefore, nobody can determine that you buy a history essay sample from us. The technique needed to compose an impressive history essay may change from 1 topic to another. There are lots of ot her things that will impact the success of your essay. An elongated essay is one which you won't finish overnight. It is one of the most important parts of your IB Diploma. Be that as it might, the topic for your essay is a fundamental thing that has to be chosen carefully and with higher precision. As a result, if your argumentative history essay topics aren't handled satisfactorily, you're totally free to request corrections. Reports are simple to ignore. Edison Research publishes a yearly report known as the Infinite Dial. Qualitative research comprises a little choice of participants, dependent on criteria's defined by the researcher. History Research Questions Samples Extended Essay Help! Utilizing storytelling prompts or curious commands is an excellent way to begin a conversation. A question that's appropriate for you now is only a stepping stone to the next question. Nobody can explain to you how likely they are to do anything later on. To begin with, the paper is passed through Copyscape application to make sure tha t it's not plagiarized. The secret to successful research is to realize the underlying methodologies, to select the suitable tool for an undertaking. It is normal for students like you to look for professional aid in writing a protracted essay for International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Say, as an example, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. How to Find History Research Questions Samples Extended Essay The questions will be able to help you determine the choice you are likely to make, thinking about the sum of research you may do into various therapy programs out there. One of the very first things you must understand in earning your topic choice is that there's a difference between history and current affairs. If you're really stuck trying to discover a not too broad or narrow topic, I would advise attempting to brainstorm a topic that employs a comparison. You now have the time to do each of the things you had postponed attempting to think of a topic. Our experts always advise getting something that's close to you. The researcher does not exactly understand what he is searching for. Then you need to work on the research issue. Asking questions that get the participant to inform you a story is a remarkable method of learning how users think from beginning to end. Of course, you can't just produce a suitable issue to develop on the go. With the assistance of your teachers, you can finalize one particular title. Select a teacher who will choose the opportunity to read several drafts and provide you extensive notes.

Organizational Commitment Free Essays

Organizational Commitment and Communication Paper Week 3 COM/530 10/27/2011 Introduction A look at an organization’s communication and leadership styles can say a lot about the organization as a whole. Google has a relaxed atmosphere, where management allows workers to create their own schedules; and fosters creativity by allowing and encouraging their workers to explore side projects (Google Culture, 2011). What would happen if the leadership style were to change? This is one of the elements this paper will explore. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Commitment or any similar topic only for you Order Now A look will also be taken at: sources of power within the organization, the employee’s commitment to Google, how communication within Google relates to the worker, other motivational theories which would work at Google and how communication plays a part in the functioning of these theories. Different Leadership Styles Google has recently embarked on â€Å"Project Oxygen,† a plan to make a better manager (Bryant, 2011). An examination of data sets, compiled from employee surveys, awards given, and managers who performed well, was conducted. This resulted in Google wanting employees to feel empowered, know their managers were available, and have a better overall feeling about the work they did (Bryant, 2011). Google has made the shift to transformational leadership by inviting their employees to be more active in roles they play and working to develop managers that encourage creativity (Robbins, 2011). Having leader member exchange theory in practice at Google would serve to undermine Project Oxygen. This theory states managers have their trusted employees, who tend to get special considerations over other employees (Robbins Judge, 2011). Having this theory in play, would only serve to drive a wedge between employees and employee supervisor relationships and reduce communication. The studies conducted by Google show employees want respect and equal opportunity from management (Bryant, 2011). Another example of a leadership style that would take away from Google’s goal would be the laissez-faire style of leadership, as employees have stated they don’t want weak willed passive managers (Bryant, 2011). Having a leader using this style would reduce the amount the employees spoke to this individual and cause disarray among the teams. Sources of Power at Google One might expect that Google, being a technical company, places a high importance on expert power as greater knowledge of writing computer code will mean more employees will come to that person for help. The company may have placed emphasis on this in the past, but has since discovered employees want to follow managers whom they like and identify with, which more closely relates to referent power (Robbins, 2011). As Robbins and Judge (2011) explain this type of power deals more with an employee having respect and admiration for their manager. Referent power will lead to employees communicating openly with their superiors and should influence a more positive attitude overall within the organization, as negative views and opinions will diminish among the workers. Legitimate power is also wielded by Google as they have employees who must complete work or they risk losing their jobs. This type of power serves to keep employees in line with company views and reduce negative communication within the organization as employees will not want to suffer the consequences. Reward power is also in use as employees are allowed to set up their own schedules and vie for more prominent positions (Google Culture, 2011). This power also serves to create a positive attitude by giving employees what they desire in the work environment. Employee Commitment and Communication Employees appear to have a strong organizational commitment to Google. Based on the freedoms granted to their employees, workers look to stay with Google out of affective commitment. This type of commitment suggests workers have an emotional attachment to the company and believe in the core values (Robbins, 2011). Google has a commitment to meeting the needs of the employee by modifying compensation packages to suit the employee, giving bonuses, and making the employee feel valued for what they do by providing other amenities most companies would not provide. Google has on site gymnasiums, chefs, laundry service, and shuttles (Google culture, 2011). By providing for employees, Google works towards establishing an emotional attachment. Open communication is encouraged and ideas are rewarded showing employees they have value in the eyes of Google. This communication is necessary to create a sense of freedom at work and allow for an open exchange of ideas. Different Motivational Theories Google could benefit from the use of self-determination theory as they look to empower their employees. This theory suggests workers want to feel they have free will in choosing their work activities and take joy in what they do without feeling it has become an obligation (Robbins, 2011). Communication plays an integral part in the application of this theory. Workers need to know they have choices within the work they do and that managers are available for discussion of changing roles or work activities. Google is a corporation that wants it employees to interact at all levels and across teams. This environment may be excellent for reinforcement theory, as this theory looks to reward positive actions immediately to ensure they are repeated and also to punish negative actions to ensure they are not repeated (Robbins, 2011). If open communication is encouraged and workers discuss goals they achieved and how they were rewarded for this, a general effect should be seen on surrounding employees. This means other employees should repeat the rewarded action to reap the rewards. The same can be said for actions which are negatively reinforced. A third and final motivational theory which would serve Google’s open form of communication is the equity theory. This theory looks at the motivation behind having a fair workplace (Robbins, 2011). Employees want to feel they are paid or otherwise compensated for their work based on experience and accomplishments. Communication is vital to this theory as the more open employees are with each other it provides the opportunity for salary and compensation to be discussed. As long as Google is handling their employees in an equal manner this should serve to show workers the more they work and strive to be better at their jobs, the more they can expect to earn. Conclusion Google has chosen to study their management styles that work best, â€Å"Project Oxygen;† and then train managers in tasks they have found work well for top performing managers. This has caused a shift towards transformational leadership. Google has found other types of management styles which are, for example, too strict are failing and causing high turnover (Bryant, 2011). As stated, having different types of leadership styles in use at Google, such as leader member exchange theory or laissez-faire style would undermine current goals and lead to poor communication within teams, leading to loss of faith in management. Google uses referent power, meaning employees have respect and admiration for their managers to keep employees happy (Robbins, 2011). The company also employs the use of rewards such as compensation packages suited to the employee and on site amenities (Google Culture, 2011) as rewards to keep employees happy. Google’s efforts appear to lead to an affective commitment to the organization as the employee develops an emotional attachment to their job (Robbins, 2011). Motivational theories such as: self-determination, reinforcement theory, and equity theory would most likely fit with in Google’s company culture. Each theory looks to place the emphasis on the employee through enriching their work experience or giving compensation. In short Google is looking to keep employees long term through positive work environments and structure. References Adam Bryant (2011, March 12). Google’s Quest to Build a Better Boss. New York Times Retrieved October 29, 2011, from http://www. nytimes. com/2011/03/13 /business/ 13hire. html? pagewanted=all, Google Culture. (2011). Google. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from www. google. com/about/corporate/company/culture. Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson- Prentice Hall. How to cite Organizational Commitment, Papers

What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Behavior in Business Essay Example

What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Behavior in Business? Paper Essay: â€Å"what are advantages and disadvantages of ethical behavior in business? † Business Ethics Some commentators, such as Milton Friedman, believe that the primary and only responsibility of business is to make money while abiding by the law. Supporters of this point of view argue that companies self-interested pursuit of profit benefits the whole of society. Profitable businesses clearly benefit shareholders, but other commentators, such as Edward Freeman, argue that businesses should also benefit other stakeholders. Stakeholders are people and groups with whom the business has a relationship. This includes shareholders, but extends out to include employees, their families, the community within which the business operates, customers and suppliers. Advantages Business ethics offer companies a competitive advantage. Consumers learn to trust ethical brands and remain loyal to them, even during difficult periods. In 1982, Johnson ; Johnson spent over $100 million dollars recalling Tylenol, its best-selling product, after someone tampered with bottles of the painkiller. The company followed its credo, a set of ethical organizational values, and the result was a boost in consumer confidence, despite the contamination scare. Society benefits from business ethics because ethical companies recognize their social responsibilities. Disadvantages Business ethics reduce a companys freedom to maximize its profit. For example, a multinational company may move its manufacturing facility to a developing country to reduce costs. Practices acceptable in that country, such as child labor, poor health and safety, poverty-level wages and coerced employment, will not be tolerated by an ethical company. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Behavior in Business? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Behavior in Business? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Behavior in Business? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Improvements in working conditions, such as a living wage and minimum health and safety standard,s reduce the level of cost-savings that the company generates. However, it could be argued that the restrictions on company freedom benefit wider society. People, Planet, Profit Companies increasingly recognize the need to commit to business ethics and measure their success by more than just profitability. This has led to the introduction of the triple bottom line, also known as people, planet, profit. Companies report on their financial, social and environmental performance. The Dow Jones Sustainability Index benchmarks companies who report their performance based on the triple bottom line. This type of performance reporting acknowledges that companies must make a profit to survive, but encourages ethical and sustainable business conduct. Purpose of ethical theory An ethical theory is to provide theory for people to value human beings through their behaviors, to access a person if he/she is ethical good or bad through his/her actions, like be honest, not to steal, not to kill, etc. Although there are basic moralities that every person follows in all places (Beauchamp Bowie, 2004), in different background culture or different situations, people have different judgments about the actions. Ethical theory gives us a guide to choose the best option of actions in a certain situation which counts as most significant ethically. Ethical people are those who recognize the difference between right and wrong and consistently strive to set an example of good conduct. In a business setting, being ethical means applying principles of honesty and fairness to relationships with coworkers and customers. Ethical individuals make an effort to treat everyone with whom they come in contact as they would want to be treated themselves. Build Customer Loyalty Consumers may let a company take advantage of them once, but if they believe they have been treated unfairly, such as by being overcharged, they will not be repeat customers. Having a loyal customer base is one of the keys to long-range business success because serving an existing customer doesn’t involve marketing cost, as does acquiring a new one. A company’s reputation for ethical behavior can help it create a more positive image in the marketplace, which can bring in new customers through word-of-mouth referrals. Conversely, a reputation for unethical dealings hurts the company’s chances to obtain new customers, particularly in this age of social networking when dissatisfied customers can quickly disseminate information about the negative experience they had. Retain Good Employees Talented individuals at all levels of an organization want to be compensated fairly for their work and dedication. They want career advancement within the organization to be based on the quality of the work they do and not on favoritism. They want to be part of a company whose management team tells them the truth about what is going on, such as when layoffs or reorganizations are being contemplated. Companies who are fair and open in their dealings with employees have a better chance of retaining the most talented people. Employees who do not believe the compensation methodology is fair are often not as dedicated to their jobs as they could be. Positive Work Environment Employees have a responsibility to be ethical from the moment they have their first job interview. They must be honest about their capabilities and experience. Ethical employees are perceived as team players rather than as individuals just out for themselves. They develop positive relationships with coworkers. Their supervisors trust them with confidential information and they are often given more autonomy as a result. Employees who are caught in lies by their supervisors damage their chances of advancement within the organization and may risk being fired. An extreme case of poor ethics is employee theft. In some industries, this can cost the business a significant amount of money, such as restaurants whose employees steal food from the storage locker or freezer. Avoid Legal Problems At times, a company’s management may be tempted to cut corners in pursuit of profit, such as not fully complying with environmental regulations or labor laws, ignoring worker safety hazards or using substandard materials in their products. The penalties for being caught can be severe, including legal fees and fines or sanctions by governmental agencies. The resulting negative publicity can cause long-range damage to the company’s reputation that is even more costly than the legal fees or fines. Companies that maintain the highest ethical standards take the time to train every member of the organization about the conduct that is expected of them. Disadvantage: Polarization of Society Because it offers such an integral look into human nature, ethics as a branch of philosophy tends to create divisions among those of varying opinions. Within the United States, the reverberations of this effect are at the core of government policy. Two groups, such as Pro-Choice and Pro-Life, work from similar facts and land on different notions of what is ethically and morally right. These rifts within society may slow down legislation and other government progress. Advantage: Simplification One advantage of any firm ethical system is that when the time comes to make a decision, there is often an existing framework for making that decision. For example, if an ethical system decides that theft is wrong in all circumstances, then any person who firmly believes in that ethical system should be able to turn away ideas of stealing. This process can expedite decision-making in general, as it has often already answered questions that may arise. Disadvantage: Varied Theories and Constant Change Ethics, as a whole, is a branch of philosophy that many consider to be necessarily unfinished. As technology and culture changes, new ethical issues are always arising, such as ethics within distributing content online. Likewise, issues of cultural relativism can create various interpretations of similar issues simply through the specific traditions of any given culture. These problems, and others, cause ethics to be a field of tumultuous change with highly varied interpretation. Advantage: Building Good The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that ethics involves systematising, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. As such, the field is, by and large, dedicated to helping derive systems for understanding and improving human behaviour. As an end-result of finding and invoking a true ethical system, the world should evolve into a safer, friendlier and happier place. Benefits If we have an ethical behaviour in our career we can do so much good. Due to this our business grows very much. Because due to this a discipline is develop in us and then we can set a high slandered and high level in our business. Bellows there are some goals we can use for continuous development. Working without deadly mishap. Eliminating work related diseases. We can increase varieties in our business. Increasing benefits of removal for local Increasing the benefits of mining for local areas. increasing energy competence By working towards these goals, we hope to gain a competitive benefit. It is also help with its position on stock market. Many long terms sever, like pension funds that are run investments for millions of normal people in the foreign countries, think that to consider social and ethical issues is important for the company. Due to this the company puts in a stronger position. Ethical behaviour will help businesses to attain better height and is because it does what business should actually do and helps them in developing discipline, which will push, business work practise to a high level and set a high standard. It actually promotes teamwork among worker. And this is because there is great respect place in elementary issues in the work place. Ethical behaviour also build confidence that will translate to trust among worker and they are more motivated towards theirs tasks. Ethical behaviour is really becoming very important for all our society because in the end it contributing in our society. It is not only contributing to our society directly but also keep the trust of the society. At the work place people who face ethical matter are versatile. The ethical behaviour do contribute the organization in term of profit which is usually higher then the firm which are actually not operating ethically and are operating for their own interest. Business activities that meet the requirements of the law, but which are considered unfair by stakeholders can result in bad publicity. The best example is of a restaurant that pay minimum wage but keeps staff tips to boost profits is not breaking the law, however, run the risk of losing the goodwill of costumers. Bibliography: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-ethical-behavior-business-21067. html * http://www. studymode. com/essays/Business-Ethics-137790. html * http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-business-ethics-10414. html * http://www. ehow. co. uk/info_8333081_advantages-disadvantages-ethics. html * http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ethical-behavior. html * http://www. ukessays. com/essays/philosophy/ethical-behaviour-in-a-business-environment -philosophy-essay. php

When Morality Should Not Be an Issue

When Morality Should Not Be an Issue Free Online Research Papers There is an interesting dialogue going on within the field of cultural anthropology that addresses whether or not anthropologists have a moral responsibility to defend human rights. This discussion is a result of anthropologists making philosophical claims about the nature of morality, an activity anthropologists should not be focusing on. The main purpose of cultural anthropology is to observe and analyze the differences in structures of society around the world and not to make value judgments because making value judgments while attempting to objectively record and observe cultural practices hinders the anthropologist’s ability to remain completely neutral to the subject matter. This neutrality is necessary so that other fields such as philosophy can appropriately evaluate the human condition and its role in the nature of reality. Anthropology is a holistic science that observes, analyzes, and compares the past, present, and future of the human experience. Within this definition, there are four subcategories of anthropology: biological, archaeological, linguistic, and cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropologists study the diversity of culture. They attempt to explain differences and similarities between cultures by developing theories for how societies operate. They attempt to find the underlying meaning behind the behaviors and norms of a given society (Robbins 12). A major problem found by most anthropologists is how an anthropology should approach and understand cultural differences. Europeans were exposed to â€Å"primitive† peoples during a period of discovery and exploration in the 1800’s. It was a lot like a close encounter of a third kind for these explorers because the masses were not aware of other beings living on Earth. Questions arose about the human species. Were humans everywhere essentially the same or was cultural and biological diversity so great that the unity of human kind did not exist? Are these â€Å"primitives† human? Do they have a soul or a religion? Anthropology was a field developed to help answer these questions by observing the different cultures. The relationship between the fieldworker and the native was asymmetrical, however. The natives did not have a choice or a voice against anthologists studying their culture because the anthropologists had more power both in numbers and in weaponry. Anthropologists could, without question, intrude into the lives of non-Europeans and put them under a microscope as if they were specimens. The judgments of these anthropologists were not value free because bias, especially then, was always present. Power was given to the researcher, and the researcher believed what he or she saw and recorded was â€Å"the God’s truth.† Ethnocentrism is the concept of believing that your own society’s norms are better than other’s because they are true. Your reality is the only reality. Anthropologists do not rely on their own culture to understand other cultures because to do so would contaminate their research. This power relationship discloses the true imperialistic nature of anthropology in the 1800’s. Intellectual movements such as the publication of Darwin’s theory of evolution in 1859 also caused elitist attitudes to dominate the majority’s mind. Darwin suggested that human instincts, including morality, only existed because these instincts at one point in human evolution allowed for humans to survive. The idea of survival of the fittest and progress through evolution heavily influenced people such as Thomas H. Huxley and Herbert Spencer to apply progressive evolution to entire societies, termed Social Darwinism. Social Darwinists believed that wealth and power in a society was a sign of a highly developed culture, and the more developed a culture was, the higher their moral superiority was (Boss 108-110). This outlook allowed for anthropologists and the nations they were working for to look down on any different, primitive culture and regard them as morally inferior. This, in turn, served as a justification for the colonization of these people. Anthropologists then used these â€Å"savage† cultures to illustrate human ancestry as if these â€Å"primitive† cultures were so far behind in development that they were a historical window in to the past of the dominate culture. As anthropology continued o develop at the turn of the twentieth century, new anthropologists such as Ruth Benedict and Franz Boaz began to speak out against viewing the native as â€Å"primitive.† In 1934, Ruth Benedict published â€Å"Patterns of Culture,† in which she debunked social Darwinism and puts in its place cultural relativism in order to prevent the imperialistic tendencies that resulted from Social Darwinism. She claimed that although cultures differ, the civilized society does not necessarily have a higher developed sense of morality. All cultures, Benedict asserted, have the same amount of history behind them and the dominate culture has no right to judge the morality of another culture as wrong (111). By dismissing altogether the notion of a universal moral code by which any community of people can use as a standard for judging the morality of another community, Benedict claimed what is right and wrong is dictated by the community and is relative to that community alone. Right is what the community approves of and morality is equivalent with custom alone as she mentioned in her article, â€Å"Anthropology and the Abnormal.† This is cultural relativism. At first glance, this theory seems very plausible and useful. When it gained popularity, the theory prevented the dominate society from justifying the exploitation of other, less powerful cultures and ethnocentric ideas of superiority. No longer could one society look at another and judge their actions because according to cultural relativism, morality is contingent on the context of the society. It also is very useful today. The observation that what I deem as right is only so because my society approves of it almost leads me to question my cultures norms and creates in me this need to explore other cultures way of life (Rachels 30). Despite these benefits, however, there are numerous problems with cultural relativism. First, imagine if cultural relativism were true. Initially, it seems like a good idea to not judge the moral practices of another culture, but what about the Nazi regime in Germany. If everyone adhered to cultural relativism, then no one could justify going to war against Germany to stop the elimination of the Jewish people. Slavery in America would be morally acceptable. With the ability to label certain activities of a culture morally wrong, we would be unable to criticize any culture for the obstruction of human rights. Also, it is very easy for you or I to imagine how our society could be better; we can think of things that might improve our society. Cultural relativism, however, states that this is impossible. If a society things slavery is right, then it is right without objection and to suggest otherwise would be to go against society’s moral code. This notion erases any concept of cultural progress. Most would say the abolishment of slavery was a form of progress for the United States of America, but according to cultural relativism, progress would never occur. Progress suggests the society improved, and to improve is to be better. â€Å"Better† is a value judgment and value judgments are not allowed in the realm of cultural relativism. Aside from this, cultural relativism is not logical. Benedict observed that differences were present in what cultures believed to be right and wrong. She then applied this observation to what is. So, there is no absolute morally right or wrong because people disagree about what that absolute would be? Simply because two different cultures disagree about what they believe to be right and wrong fails to prove that there is no transcending moral code. It is possible for one culture to be mistaken in their beliefs. Is it even acceptable to suggest that societies differ on what they think is morally right and wrong? There are numerous examples of universal values (Rachels 25). Perhaps cultures express these similar values differently though custom, but they are similar nonetheless. Take for example infanticide. Initially, this practice seems barbaric and one could assert that this custom shows that the Inuit have no love for their children. But what is the purpose of infanticide? Inuits lived in harsh conditions, and sometimes it was necessary to kill a child if that child’s survival would cause the instability of the community’s future. If the Inuit hated their children, there would be no community because there would be no children to populate the future generations. By reflecting on the purpose of a custom, we are able to recognize similarities between our values and those of another culture. For these reasons and perhaps others, some anthropologists today abandon cultural relativism. Because of cultural relativism’s inclination to ignore violations of human rights, some anthropologists even feel that it should be the anthropologist’s responsibility not only to observe cultures, but also to attempt to reform them. In her article, â€Å"Ethical Considerations in Anthropology and Archaeology, or Relativism and Justice for All,† anthropologist Merrilee H. Salmon attempts to motivate her colleagues to group together in effort to abolish female circumcision (Welch and Endicott 342). By making value judgments concerning morality, anthropologists take a step into the realm of philosophy and this is precisely what should be avoided. Personally, I do not think it is the anthropologist’s responsibility to defend human rights. Anthropologists observe the human condition and do not have â€Å"make this condition more pleasant† in their job description. Regardless of whether or not a custom may appear to violate human rights, it is not the anthropologists job to reform the culture or make value judgments. This is not to say that action should not be taken to defend human rights, however. The point is that anthropologists should remain neutral and objective when conducting their research. Leave it to the philosophers to determine or question the morality of a given action. There are several reasons why anthropologist should avoid this blending of philosophical thought into their fieldwork. If an anthropologist spends all of his or her time analyzing the wrongness of a custom, how much effort is not geared towards actually observing the culture in question? In addition, the main goal in anthropology is to be objective, to give a non-biased interpretation of other culture’s societal structure. The observations that come from anthropology are very useful if thorough and objective enough for allowing others to reflect on morality like human right activists and philosophers. By making value judgments, anthropologist take the risk of being ethnocentric and contaminating their research. It is true that philosophy and anthropology have some things in common, however. Philosophy studies and theorizes into the nature of reality by using rationality. To understand the nature of reality, it is important to recognize societal influences and ultimately to understand the function of these influences within one’s own society. This way, it becomes easy for the philosopher to question societal norms and place them in the context of this ultimate reality. Anthropologist and sociologists alike also participate in this realization. It is crucial, as Ruth Benedict pointed out, not to immediately regard one’s own culture as the only right and true reality. Ethnocentrism hinders the anthropologist because when the anthropologist (who is ethnocentric in this example) views another culture, he or she is seeing the other culture through his or her own culture’s lens, and this prevents the anthropologist from being able to interpret the structure of the given society. If only Ruth Benedict could have stopped her observations here. It is true that other cultures have different beliefs and customs. It is also true that every culture has an equal length of history behind it. These claims alone should suggest that no culture is necessary better than another because of civilization, and this was all that was necessary to ignite an opposition to Social Darwinism. Her additional claim, that there were no objective, universal moral truths was not needed. The introduction of making philosophical claims about humanity in relation to morality simply confused the anthropological world. Today, following Benedict’s lead, anthropologists think it is their duty to make philosophical claims, without philosophical training. In school, philosophers learn how to analyze arguments like the one Ruth Benedict introduced. They learn how to find error in lines of thought and learn how to avoid making these errors when creating their own arguments. Nowhere in anthropology is there a focus on this type of training. Anthropologists learn how to shed their own cultural biases in order to objectively observe other cultures, but this is the extent of their philosophical training. The purpose of this training is to prepare the anthropologist for making observations and analyzing these observations so that the anthropologist can understand the structure of a culture. The training is not intended to prepare anthropologists to make deductions concerning the reality of nature. Making philosophically oriented moral judgments will also lead to a lack of trust between the culture that is being studied and anthropology as a whole. Anthropologists have a trust with other cultures because the other cultures understand that anthropologists are there to simply observe, not indoctrinate. Once anthropologists attempt to reform the cultures they observe, the host culture will no longer allow the anthropologists to study them. The efforts of anthropologists such as Ruth Benedict to develop philosophical theories about morality are well intended but these efforts to saturate anthropology with philosophical discussion dilutes anthropology by creating a field that is not only lacking focus and direction, but also effectiveness. The observations made in anthropology are needed for the understanding of the human condition and will be put in jeopardy if anthropologists attempt to step outside of their field of study. Bibliography Barrett, Richard A. Culture and Conduct: An Excursion in Anthropology, Second Edition. Belmost, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004. Boss, Judith A. Ethics for life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. pgs 100-132 Kottak, Conrad Phillip. Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. New York: MeGraw-Hill, 2002. Endicott, Kirk M., Welsch, Robert L. Taking Sides . Guilford, Connecticut: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2003. Rachels, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Forth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. pgs 16-31 Robbins, Richard H. Cultural Anthropology: A Problem Based Approach. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., 2001. 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